In some cases of infertility, a structural problem can be treated surgically, increasing the chances of natural conception.

For men, surgery can be used to try to reverse a vasectomy, correct blockage of the reproductive tract, or correct a varicocele (an enlarged vein in the scrotum).

For women, surgery can be used to try to correct a fallopian tube blockage, reverse a tubal ligation, and remove growths from the reproductive tract. Often a structural problem or endometriosis growths (implants) found during a diagnostic laparoscopy are surgically repaired during the same procedure.