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Abnormalities of the thyroid gland, an endocrine gland found at the base of the neck, may adversely affect reproductive function. Such abnormalities are common in women. The most common thyroid abnormality is hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). It may lead to irregular periods, lack of periods, miscarriages, weight gain, depression, constipation, and lack of energy. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) is less common, but may also cause irregular periods and miscarriages. Common symptoms are heart palpitations, nervousness, weight loss, and diarrhea.
If an infertility patient displays some of the symptoms above, blood tests for thyroid function should be ordered. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) normally is treated with thyroid replacement (medications such as Synthroid, Levothroid, etc). After initiation of therapy, thyroid blood tests should be performed every three to six months until the correct replacement dose is determined. Return to regular menstrual function may take at least three months even though improvement of other symptoms may be quicker. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) requires more complex therapy and the patient will be referred to a Medical Endocrinologist specializing in thyroid disorders. She will be asked to refrain from attempting conception until the problem is resolved
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